Gene entry
LDLR
low density lipoprotein receptor
- Chromosome
- 19
- Cytoband
- 19p13.2
- Variants (rsID)
- 846
LDLR is a protein-coding gene, meaning the body reads it as instructions to build a protein, located on chromosome 19 (region 19p13.2). Its official name is “low density lipoprotein receptor”. The reference table lists 846 variants (rsID) for this gene.
Clinically classified variants
789 reference-table entries with clinical significance (first 200 shown).
- rs10423288Benignsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs139066906Benignsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs14158Benignsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs1433099Benignsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs147509697Benignsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia|Hypercholesterolemia
- rs150644181Benignsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs4508523Benignsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs5742911Benignsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs5925Benignsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs6413504Benignsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs6511720Benignsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs688Benignsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs72658861Benignsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs774698247Benignsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs1057519652Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs1057519677Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs1057519684Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs1060499931Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs112029328Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs1205480064Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs121908038Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs121908039Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs13306498Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia|Autosomal dominant familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs137853960Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia|Hypercholesterolemia
- rs138315511Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia|Hypercholesterolemia
- rs138477254Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia|Hypercholesterolemia
- rs1399689294Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs140731590Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs140807148Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs143872778Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs149227308Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia|Hypercholesterolemia
- rs17249141Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs193922568Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs368243304Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs368889457Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs370018159Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs371355878Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs373144619Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs373646964Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs375495026Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia|Hypercholesterolemia
- rs397509365Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs531005522Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs557344672Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs574337291Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs577934998Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs5926Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs72658855Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs72658871Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs730882080Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs730882090Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs730882098Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs730882099Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs730882100Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs730882101Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs730882103Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs730882110Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs745343524Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs745753810Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs745776977Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs746834464Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs747507019Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs749220643Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs749780672Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs750474121Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs750518671Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs752951310Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs754536745Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs755154048Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs755757866Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs759876319Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs761683856Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs761954844Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs764493597Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs764929176Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs767546791Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs767767730Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs769383881Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia|Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs770744861Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs771336748Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs771917370Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs773658037Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs773693079Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs774467219Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs774730452Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs776421777Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs777321035Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs777716188Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs780563386Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs781362878Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs875989886Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs875989918Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs875989930Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs875989933Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs875989936Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs878854025Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs879254364Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs879254366Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs879254368Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879254372Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879254391Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879254420Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879254421Conflicting interpretationsMicrosatelliteHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs879254427Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879254444Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879254451Conflicting interpretationsDeletionHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs879254457Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879254459Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs879254468Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879254508Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs879254524Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs879254544Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs879254585Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879254603Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs879254604Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs879254659Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs879254661Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879254665Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs879254679Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879254680Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879254692Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs879254697Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879254719Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879254728Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879254750Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs879254808Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879254820Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879254834Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879254839Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879254847Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs879254850Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs879254853Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879254870Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs879254889Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs879254890Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879254897Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs879254903Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879254908Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879254912Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879254921Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs879254937Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879254968Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs879254987Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879255010Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs879255043Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879255045Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs879255058Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs879255066Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs879255075Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs879255081Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879255085Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs879255086Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879255118Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs879255137Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879255149Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879255191Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879255226Conflicting interpretationssingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs202049029Likely benignsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs730882111Likely benignsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs766709484Likely benignsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs875989899Likely benignsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs879254672Likely benignsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs1057516128Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs1057519647Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs1057519648Likely pathogenicDeletionHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs1057519649Likely pathogenicDuplicationHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs1057519650Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs1057519655Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs1057519664Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs1057519669Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs1057519670Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs1057519675Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs1060499919Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs1060499921Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs1060499930Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs1060499933Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs1064793799Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variant
- rs1208216597Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs121908035Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs121908037Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs121908041Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs121908042Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs121908043Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs137943601Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia|Familial hypercholesterolemia|Hypercholesterolemia
- rs140241383Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs150021927Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs193922566Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs193922571Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs2569548Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs28941776Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs28942083Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs28942084Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs28942085Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs368562025Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia|Hypercholesterolemia
- rs372845091Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs373822756Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs375009082Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs377437226Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1|Familial hypercholesterolemia
- rs387906301Likely pathogenicDeletionHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs387906307Likely pathogenicDeletionHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
- rs537484504Likely pathogenicsingle nucleotide variantHypercholesterolemia, familial, 1
Other listed variants
- rs5928
- rs5931
- rs5933
- rs1010679
- rs2228671
- rs2738442
- rs2738446
- rs2738450
- rs2738456
- rs11547917
- rs11669576
- rs12710260
- rs13306512
- rs13306515
- rs17242395
- rs17248748
- rs28942078
- rs28942080
- rs28942081
- rs28942082
- rs41301949
- rs45508991
- rs72658860
- rs72658864
- rs72658865
- rs72658867
- rs73015030
- rs73015034
- rs74257940
- rs112366278
- rs112954220
- rs113669610
- rs116405216
- rs121908024
- rs121908025
- rs121908026
- rs121908028
- rs121908029
- rs121908030
Public references
Data from the institutional reference table and public NCBI annotation. For education only; not a substitute for medical or genetic counselling.
